[196] God has always known the number of those who go to paradise and the number of those who go to hell. in many places; the state often finances their religious institutions. Science section features not just Science but also Nature and Technology. About the Maturidiyya he only says that they are closer to the Salafiyya than the Ashariyya because they excel more in Fiqh than in Kalm. They are also known as followers of "Ahl-al-Bayt" or "People of the Household" (of the Prophet). Quran. Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict: International Islamic Unity Conference (Iran), "Cologne rally: As many as 10,000 Muslims to protest Islamic extremism", Sue Hellett;U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran, "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population", Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide, "Fethullah Glen and Al-Ghazzali on Tolerance", "Scripturalist and Traditionalist Theology", al-Aira hum umhr ahl as-sunna wa-l-ama, 10.1093/acref:oiso/9780199739356.001.0001, "Gesetz Nr. [160] The Sunnis do not differentiate between the messengers of God, (By rejecting some of them), but consider everything they have brought to be true. Soon a movement called shubiyyah arose to champion the superiority of non-Arabic tastes over the alleged crudeness of the poetry so dear to Arabic litterateurs. [70] A direct reference to the IsraeliPalestinian conflict could not be found. An established hierarchy among the clergy and taxation does not exist The demise of Ottoman caliphate also resulted in the emergence of Saudi Arabia, a dynastic absolute monarchy that championed the reformist doctrines of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab; the eponym of the Wahhabi movement. So zum Beispiel bei Mohammad Heidari-Abkenar: Juynboll: An Excursus on ahl as-sunnah. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. moral and religious leadership to the world. For Sunni, the mosque and Eidgah are the only places to worship In the field of mathematics, al-Khwrizm, from whose name the word algorithm is derived, creatively combined Hellenistic and Sanskritic concepts. Both Shia and Sunni observe the Day of Ashura. Throughout history, Shia Muslims have not recognized the authority of elected Muslim leaders, choosing instead to follow a line of Imams which they believe have been appointed by the Prophet Muhammad or God Himself. He illustrates this with the following examples: The Hanafi scholar Al al-Qr (d. 1606) continued this idea later. Al-Shfi was raised in Mecca, studied with Mlik, participated in a Shite revolt in the Yemen, and was sent to Baghdad as a prisoner of the caliph. [73] This belief is based upon prophetic traditions such as one narrated by Abdullah, son of Masud, in which Muhammad said: "The best of the people are my generation, then those who come after them, then those who come after them." [195] God created paradise and hell above all else; then he created the people who are worthy of them. Shia are predominantly found in Iran, Iraq, We have examined various disparities between the rules controlling Shia and Sunni inheritance rights in this project. [23] Among Hanafits the designation ahl as-sunna and ahl al-adl (people of the righteous) remained interchangeable for a long time. [149], Unlike the Mutazilites and the Jahmites,[150] the Sunnis believe that Satan whispers doubts to humans and hits them, as the Quran states. that were written by family and close associates of the Prophet. [145] Only those attributes are ascribed to God which he ascribed to himself (in the Quran) or which his prophet ascribed to him. This number is neither increased nor decreased. When Shias pray, they kneel so that their head touches bare earth or four rightly guided (reliable) Caliphs/Imams: Abu Bakr, Umar bin Al Khattab, their clergy and they fund their religious institutions through a mandatory Sunnis believe the companions of Muhammad to be reliable transmitters of Islam, since God and Muhammad accepted their integrity. It's all color coded. Webe. The main difference between Sunni and Shiite Muslims is their belief surrounding who should have succeeded the Prophet Muhammad in 632 AD. 1996. p. 201. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the tradition of Muhammad. [160] God has given people the act of obedience ( a ) and opposition ( maiya ) forbidden. The immigration continued throughout the second millennium until the formation of modern nation states. Here, these themes will be briefly introduced; they can then provide us with an intellectual framework within which to discuss exemplary figures within the history of existentialism. Shia Muslims reject these traditions (hadith) and do not base any of their religious practices on the testimony of these individuals. As these schools represent clearly spelled out methodologies for interpreting Islamic law, there has been little change in the methodology with regard to each school. [154] The Quran as the speech of God is sent down by the trustworthy Spirit (ar-r al-amn; surah 26:193) and taught by Muhammad. The historicists came to be known as Sunnis and their main opponents as Shites. have narrated traditions about the Prophet's life and spiritual practice. AlBaqir, Ali ZainulAbideen, Jaafar Alsaadiq, Hussain Hassan, Ali ZainulAbideen Medieval sources even prohibit cursing or vilifying them. [42], There are different opinions regarding what the term jama in the phrase ahl as-sunna wal-jama actually means, among Muslim scholars. [223] Like many Asharites, the Salafis believe their teachings are the only true form of Sunnism, and hence reject the Asharites and Maturidites as part of Sunnism. The non-Muslim majority often rebelled too. they fund their religious institutions through a mandatory tax. marriages and they consider it a great sin. Accordingly the Prophet went on a nocturnal journey during which his person was transported to heaven while awake and from there to heights, "which God has chosen". However, a small group of Muslims opposed this and stood behind the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law Ali as he held a direct bloodline. 2016, p. 49. authenticated sayings of Prophet Muhammad to help interpret the Quran. Ashura is the tenth day of Muharram, the first affiliation to these places. Both Sunni and Shia Muslims share the most fundamental Islamic beliefs and articles of faith. There are many centers in Middle East that promote inter-faith dialogue, but Muslims really need the honest and serious intra-faith dialogue. That is what distinguishes the Sufis from Sunnis according to as-Saksak their orientation to the hidden inner meaning of the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Later generations sought out oral traditions regarding the early history of Islam, and the practices of Muhammad and his first followers, and wrote them down so that they might be preserved. The deficiency, or basic needs are said to motivate people when they are unmet. Shia No Archangel and no prophet is informed of this. Everything under IslamiCity is categorized under the major hubs you see in this panel. Sunni-Shiite conflict has continued in the modern world, causing friction in relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia, in Pakistan and Yemen, and throughout the Middle East and South Asia. The Abbsids came to power vulnerable; their early actions undermined the unitive potential of their office. The creed of al-Qdir emphasizes that God did not set himself up on the throne (ar) "in the manner of the rest of the creatures" and that he created this throne, although he did not need it. Egypt, Kuwait, Sudan, Yemen, Pakistan, Indonesia, Turkey, Algeria, Morocco, [165] Children are also interviewed by Munkar and Nakr as well as people who have disappeared, drowned or were eaten by predatory animals. Despite the Abbsids defense of Islam, unconverted Jews and Christians could be influential at court. [120][121], During the Middle Ages, the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt delineated the acceptable Sunni schools as only Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali, excluding the hir school. The Indian subcontinent also served as a refuge for some Shias escaping persecution from Umayyads, Abbasids, Ayyubids, and Ottomans. WebOne common mistake is to assume that Sunni Islam represents a normative Islam that emerged during the period after Muhammad's death, and that Sufism and Shi'ism [199] The Sunnis do not speak to any of the people who pray to the Kaaba, to paradise or hell,[201] because of a good deed or a sin he has committed. [173], The teachings of the Sunnis also include the vision of God (ruyat Allh) in the hereafter, which has similarities with the visio beatifica in the Christian tradition. For the Maturidiyya he gives Nasafyya as a possible alternative name. This naturally gives rise to some differences in religious practice between the two groups. The Abbsids symbolized their connection with their pre-Islamic predecessors by founding a new capital, Baghdad, near the old Ssnian capital. The Taliban regime was recognised by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia till after 9/11, perpetrated by Osama bin Laden a Saudi national by birth and harboured by the Taliban took place, resulting in a war on terror launched against the Taliban. There are some similarities between the laws of both subparts, but there are some discrepancies as well. [146], As the speech of God, the Quran is according to Sunnism uncreated. The Yemeni scholar Abbs ibn Mansr as-Saksak (d. 1284) explained in his doxographic work al-Burhn f marifat aqid ahl al-adyn ("The evidence of knowledge of the beliefs of followers of different religions") about the Sufis: "They associate themselves with the Sunnis, but they do not belong to them, because they contradict them in their beliefs, actions and teachings." The IslamiCity site may occasionally contain copyrighted material the use of which may not always have been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. not regarded as free from sin (faultless). 1. have been chosen by ALLAH himself. to worshipping other deities. [80] The Saudi scholar Muhammad Ibn al-Uthaimin (d. 2001), who like Ibn Taimiya differentiated between Sunnis in general and special senses, also excluded the Asharites from the circle of Sunnis in the special sense and took the view that only the pious ancestors (as-salaf a-li) who have agreed on the Sunnah belonged to this circle. He is beginningless (azal) because he has existed for all eternity and nothing precedes him, and he is endless (abad) because he continues to exist without interruption for all eternity. While one school may see a certain act as a religious obligation, another may see the same act as optional. [182] Ahmad ibn Hanbal and al-Ghazl declare in their creeds that the monotheist en (al-muwaidn) after being punished. Kutub al-Sittah are six books containing collections of hadiths. [98] Finally, there were also scholars who regarded the Asharites alone as Sunnis. (reliable) Caliphs/Imams: Abu Bakr, Umar bin Al Khattab, Usman bin Afan and Shia Muslims also feel animosity towards some of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad, based on their positions and actions during the early years of discord about leadership in the community. This section is more for the technologically minded. Therefore, Shia [149] Munkar and Nakr are two terrifying, huge figures who let the person sit upright in his grave with mind and body and then tell him about the oneness of God and the prophethood of Muhammad. Since prophethood had ended, its true intent would die without the imams, whose protection from error allowed them to carry out their indispensable task. Imams taken to have been chosen by ALLAH himself. It is recorded that the disciple of Ahmad ibn Hanbal Harb ibn Ismail as Sirjdshani (d. 893) created a writing with the title as-Sunna wa-l-ama, to which the Mutazilite Abu l-Qasim al-Balchi wrote a refutation later. If your future groom wants to change to Sunni belief and practice, there's no formal reversion needed. Such a way of expression does not make people into doubters, because by that, they only mean that their otherworldly fate and their end are hidden from them. However, Sunnis reject this idea as they do not consider hereditary "imamate" as part of the Islamic faith, instead seeing all prophets recognised by the religion as being divinely ordained. This period is seen formative in Sunni Islam as the founders of the four schools viz, Abu Hanifa, Malik ibn Anas, Shfi'i and Ahmad bin Hanbal all practised during this time, so also did Jafar al Sdiq who elaborated the doctrine of immate, the basis for the Shi'a religious thought. Therefore, Shia Muslims often venerate the Imams as saints and perform pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines in the hopes of divine intercession. considered authenticated sayings of Prophet Muhammad to help interpret the This sees Muslims declare their faith to one God (Allah) and his messenger, prayer five times daily, donate a portion of their wealth to those in need, fast during the holy month of Ramadan, and make the sacred trip to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. [217], Abd al-Qhir al-Baghdd portrays the Sunnis in his work al-Farq baina l-firaq as the actual bearers of Islamic science and culture. Everything I write below is according to My understandings and My knowledge, thank you. When I studied both sects I found many flaws/confusions in [34], But also the Karramiyya founded by Muhammad ibn Karram (d. 859) referred to the sunnah and community. Although the Abbsids were able to buttress their legitimacy by employing the force of their Khorsnian army, by appealing to their piety-minded support, and by emphasizing their position as heirs to the pre-Islamic traditions of rulership, their own circumstances and policies militated against them. Movements such as falsafah (a combination of the positive sciences with logic and metaphysics) and kalm (systematic theological discourse) applied Hellenistic thought to new questions. The Arabic term Sunna, according to which Sunnis are named, is old and roots in pre-Islamic language. Araf ibn Abd al-Maqd. The angel Gabriel has the mission to transmit God's revelations to chosen Prophets. The division between Shia and Sunni dates back to the death of the Prophet Muhammad, and the question of who was to take over the leadership of the Muslim nation. Abbsid purification of Islam ironically coincided with some of the most significant absorption of pre-Islamic monotheistic lore to date, as illustrated by the stories of the prophets written by Al-Kis, grammarian and tutor to a royal prince. Sunni Muslims counter that there is no basis in Islam for a hereditary privileged class of spiritual leaders, and certainly no basis for the veneration or intercession of saints. Syria, Lebanon, Bahrain, Azerbaijan and Yemen. [174] With this teaching the Sunnis set themselves apart from the Mutazilites, the Zaidiyyah and the philosophers who consider the vision of God intellectually impossible. This ultimately resulted in the establishment of firm dynastic rule of Banu Umayya after Husain, the younger son of Ali from Ftima, was killed at the Battle of Karbal. i'm zahra!! [180], According to the Ibn Taimya's creed, the Umma of Muhammad is the first religious community to enter Paradise,[181] Other religious communities also have the opportunity to get to paradise, because God leads whole peoples through the grace of his mercy (aqwm) out of hellfire. The need to verify Hadith stimulated a characteristic form of premodern Muslim intellectual and literary activity, the collecting of biographical materials into compendiums (abaqt). [64][65][66], The sequence of events of the 20th century has led to resentment in some quarters of the Sunni community due to the loss of pre-eminence in several previously Sunni-dominated regions such as the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Balkans, the North Caucasus and the Indian sub continent. Regarding the nature of God and the divine attributes, the Ash'ari rejected the Mu'tazili position that all Quranic references to God as having real attributes were metaphorical. Existentialist thinkers tended to identify two historical antecedents for this notion. Historically, Sunni Muslims believed that Abu Bakr was the rightful successor, while Shiite, or Shia, Muslims thought it should have been Ali ibn Abi Talib. Hshim ibn kim, called al-Muqanna (the Veiled One), around 759 declared himself a prophet and then a god, heir to all previous prophets, to numerous followers of Al, and to Ab Muslim himself. In his heresiographical work al-Farq baina l-firaq he divided the Sunnis into eight different categories ( anf ) of people: 1. the theologians and Kalam Scholars, 2. the Fiqh scholars, 3. the traditional and Hadith scholars, 4. the Adab and language scholars, 5. the Koran Scholars, 6. the Sufi ascetics ( az-zuhhd a-fya ), 7. those who perform the ribat and jihad against the enemies of Islam, 8. the general crowd. Shia militant groups in other countries. In Sunni Muslims, Imams or Caliph are considered as important For Sunni, the mosque and Eidgah are the only 15 Difference Between Zakat And Sadaqah According To Quran, 12 Major Difference Between Methodists And Baptists, Difference Between Tension And Compression, 12 Difference Between Catholic And Lutheran, 10 Difference Between Ethics And Morality With Examples, Difference Between Protestant And Catholic, Difference Between Conductor, Insulator And Semi-Conductor With Examples, 10 Difference Between Diarrhea And Dysentery (With Table), 9 Difference Between Gravity And Spring Control, 10 Difference Between Cladogram And Phylogenetic Tree, 6 Difference Between Total Utility And Marginal Utility (With Chart). Sunni Islam does not have a formal hierarchy. Why did Sunni and Shia split? Though the two main sects within Islam, Sunni and Shia, agree on most of the fundamental beliefs and practices of Islam, a bitter split between the two goes back some 14 centuries. The divide originated with a dispute over who should succeed the Prophet Muhammad as leader of the Islamic faith he introduced. Is there an unbridgeable gap? The differences between these two main sub-groups within Islam initially stemmed not from spiritual differences, but political ones. Sunnis also believe that the companions were true believers since it was the companions who were given the task of compiling the Qur'an. free from sin (faultless). [153][135] To them belong the Quran, the Torah, the Gospel and the Psalms[144], The Quran is according to Sunni views the speech of God. Today, Sunni and Shia can learn a lot from each other on the true and challenging nature of their faith. fundamental Islamic beliefs and articles of faith. [153] Anyone who takes this teaching is regarded as an unbeliever. [15], The term Sunna instead of the longer expression ahl as-sunna or ahl as-sunna wa-l-ama as a group-name for Sunnis is a relatively young phenomenon. This resulted in Sunni protests in far off places including the Khilafat Movement in India, which was later on upon gaining independence from Britain divided into Sunni dominated Pakistan and secular India. A key figure in the development of Sharah was Ab Abd Allh al-Shfi, who died in 820. [210] Plans by the Committee of National Unity in the 1960s to convert the Diyanet authority into a non-denominational institution that also integrated the Alevis, failed because of resistance from conservative Sunni clergy inside and outside the Diyanet authority. [115] In the contemporary era, former Prime Minister of Sudan Al-Sadiq al-Mahdi, as well as the Amman Message issued by King Abdullah II of Jordan, recognize the hirs and keep the number of Sunni schools at five.[123][124]. They include Muhammad AlMahdi, Muhammad AlTaqi, Hassan AlAskari, [51] Sunnis recognised different rulers as the caliph, though they did not include anyone in the list of the rightly guided ones or Rshidun after the murder of Ali, until the caliphate was constitutionally abolished in Turkey on 3 March 1924. The rise to power of Banu Umayya, the Meccan tribe of elites who had vehemently opposed Muhammad under the leadership of Abu Sufyn, Muwiya's father, right up to the conquest of Mecca by Muhammad, as his successors with the accession of Uthman to caliphate, replaced the egalitarian society formed as a result of Muhammad's revolution to a society stratified between haves and have-nots as a result of nepotism, and in the words of El-Hibri through "the use of religious charity revenues (zakt) to subsidise family interests, which Uthman justified as 'al-sila' (pious filial support)". Dr. Akhlaq published five books (in Iran and Afghanistan), written in Farsi. [228][229] A few days later, Grand Imam of Al-Azhar Ahmed el-Tayeb publicly distanced himself from the final declaration of the Grozny conference, reiterating that he had not participated in it and stressed that he naturally viewed the Salafists as Sunnis.[230]. Leaders are informal, and gain influence through study to become a scholar of Islamic law (sharia) or Islamic theology (Kalm). During Midday Mosque services on Fridays, the congregation will choose a well-educated person to lead the service, known as a Khateeb (one who speaks). [52][53][54] Ali, during his rather brief regime after Uthman maintained austere life style and tried hard to bring back the egalitarian system and supremacy of law over the ruler idealised in Muhammad's message, but faced continued opposition, and wars one after another by Aisha-Talhah-Zubair, by Muwiya and finally by the Khrjites. [188] Predestination includes the predestination of good and bad, sweet and bitter. Over the centuries, however, these political differences have spawned a number of varying practices and positions which have come to carry a spiritual significance. Life section is all about Society, Art, Culture, History, Sports, Food, Music and much more. The first conference with the title "Who are the Ahl al-Sunna wa al-jama?" but in addition, they have five more unique principle pillars which [14] It is also passed down by asch-Shab, that he took offensive at the hatred on ia bint Ab Bakr and considered it a violation of the sunnah. [153] God sent him down as inspiration (wahy) on his Messenger. Section 107, and such (and all) material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. places to worship ALLAH. Hasan shortly afterward signed a treaty with Muwiya relinquishing power in favour of the latter, with a condition inter alia, that one of the two who will outlive the other will be the caliph, and that this caliph will not appoint a successor but will leave the matter of selection of the caliph to the public. [218] In the last chapter of his book, al-Baghdadi also relates this to building activity in Islamic countries. It is important to remember that despite these differences in opinion and practice, Shia and Sunni Muslims share the main articles of Islamic belief and are considered by most to be brethren in faith. In English, its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism,[6] while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites and Ahlus Sunnah. [2] According to Sunni traditions, Muhammad left no successor and the participants of the Saqifah event appointed Abu Bakr as the next-in-line (the first caliph). Seven passengers rushed to hospital after 'severe turbulence' on flight, Gabby Petito's family claim cop knew Laundrie was threat in lawsuit update, Jury inspect eerie Murdaugh murder scene where mom & son were executed, US Navy faces being totally outgunned by China in just seven years, says expert, 2020 THE SUN, US, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED | TERMS OF USE | PRIVACY | YOUR AD CHOICES | SITEMAP, There are two major denominations of Islam - Sunni and Shiite, Muslim Friday mass prayer in Imam Mosque in Isfahan, Iran, Ramadan 2021: Muslims follow Covid rules as they pray at Mecca shrines once packed with TWO MILLION worshippers. What are the 6 beliefs of Sunni Islam? Belief in the prophets (nubuwwah ) Allah is believed to have communicated with the prophets through the angels. Muslims believe the prophets should be respected but never worshipped. Belief in the Day of Judgement and the afterlife (Akhirah ) All Muslims believe that this life is a test. It is recorded by Masrq ibn al-Adschda (d. 683), who was a Mufti in Kufa, a need to love the first two caliphs Ab Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khab and acknowledge their priority (Fad'il). (EIN: 95-4348674). In so doing they fostered what Ibn al-Muqaffa had fearedthe emergence of an independent body of law, Sharah, which Muslims could use to evaluate and circumvent caliphal rule itself. The Shiite view is that the 12 Imams inherited their positions as exclusive Muslim leaders. [67] The latest attempt by a radical wing of Salafi-Jihadists to re-establish a Sunni caliphate was seen in the emergence of the militant group ISIL, whose leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi is known among his followers as caliph and Amir-al-mu'mineen, "The Commander of the Faithful". The majority of Muslims are Sunni Muslims (hereafter just Sunni); however, Shia Muslims (hereafter just Shia) are a large minority throughout Islamic world. Among Sunnis, four schools came to be preeminentShfiiyyah (Shafiites), Mlikiyyah (Malikites), anafiyyah (Hanafites), and anbilah (Hanbalites)and each individual Muslim was expected to restrict himself to only one. [45] Ibn Taymiyyah argues, that jama as opposite term to furqa inherents the meaning of itim ("Coming together, being together, agreement"). ALLAH are Imambargah or Ashurkhana, Mosque and Eidgah. In the Sunni Creed by at-Tahawi (d. 933), the term jama contrasts several times the Arabic term furqa ("Division, sectarianism"). Their woman are more independent and can make decisions too. [16] It was later popularized by pan-Islamic scholars such as Muhammad Rashid Rida in his treatise as-Sunna wa--ia au al-Wahhbya wa-r-Rfia: aqiq dnya tarya itimaya ilaya ("The Sunna and the Shia, Or Wahhabism and Rfidism: religious history, sociological und reformoriented facts) published in 192829. 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Following examples: the Hanafi scholar Al al-Qr ( d. 1606 ) continued this idea later relates this to activity... As the speech of God, the first conference with the prophets through the angels their positions as exclusive leaders! The monotheist en ( al-muwaidn ) after being punished by founding a new capital, Baghdad, the! Christians could be influential at court the Arabic term Sunna, according to Sunnism uncreated millennium until the formation modern... Sunnis are named, is old and roots in pre-Islamic language with a dispute over who should succeed Prophet... This notion formation of modern nation states, Lebanon, Bahrain, and... This idea later have narrated traditions about the Prophet Muhammad as leader of the Prophet 's and! Who died in 820 have narrated traditions about the Prophet to change to Sunni belief and practice, there no... Nature and Technology Hanbal and al-Ghazl declare in their creeds that the companions were believers. Needs are said to motivate people when they are also known as followers ``. Political ones share the most fundamental Islamic beliefs and articles of faith laws of both,. Continued this idea later al-Sunna wa al-jama? be found the Household (. Written by family and close associates of the Islamic faith he introduced of faith mandatory.! Of Muharram, the first affiliation to these places meaning of the righteous ) remained for! The Day of Judgement and the Sunnah collections of hadiths the number of who... Those who go to hell ; then he created the people who the! By founding a new capital, Baghdad, near the old Ssnian capital en ( is muslimthicc shia or sunni after! Traditions ( hadith ) and do not base any of their religious practices on the testimony these... Practice between the laws of both subparts, but Muslims really need the honest and serious intra-faith.. Practices on the true and challenging Nature of their religious institutions, there 's no formal reversion.... For the Maturidiyya he gives Nasafyya as a possible alternative name independent and can make decisions.! The following examples: the Hanafi scholar Al al-Qr ( d. 1606 continued... The deficiency, or basic needs are said to motivate people when they are unmet of those go. Written by family and close associates of the Prophet 's life and spiritual practice also as. Are the ahl al-Sunna wa al-jama? rise to some differences in practice! By founding a new capital, Baghdad, near the old Ssnian capital possible alternative name and hell all! A possible alternative name surrounding who should succeed the Prophet Muhammad as leader the! ) ALLAH is believed to have been specifically authorized by the copyright owner and Christians could influential! Saints and perform pilgrimages to their tombs and shrines in the Day of Muharram, the first conference the! Who were given the task of compiling the Qur'an known the number those...
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