[12] In the Postclassic period (9001519AD), the worship of the feathered-serpent deity centered in the primary Mexican religious center of Cholula. Quetzalcoatl's link to erudition and religious dedication ensured his worship across Mesoamerica, and some priests of high rank were anointed with his name. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. In the modern world, Aztec religion is often associated with dramatic and bloody human sacrifices. The Tlaxcalteca, along with other city-states across the Plain of Puebla, then supplied the auxiliary and logistical support for the conquests of Guatemala and West Mexico while Mixtec and Zapotec caciques (Colonial indigenous rulers) gained monopolies in the overland transport of Manila galleon trade through Mexico, and formed highly lucrative relationships with the Dominican order in the new Spanish imperial world economic system that explains so much of the enduring legacy of indigenous life-ways that characterize southern Mexico and explain the popularity of the Quetzalcoatl legends that continued through the colonial period to the present day. He figures most prominently in the Aztec mythology but it was in the city of Cholula that the cult of Quetzalcoatl enjoyed influence and prominence during the Classic Period of Mesoamerica. He was also associated with the creation of mankind, so he also possibly occupied the role of creator in the Aztec mythology. Its still in line with the ubiquity of the plumed serpent, but the Aztec religion probably saw Quetzalcoatl as a more important deity in the creation of the world when compared to the civilizations that came before them. Profile [] Identity []. After all, thats the process that he himself went through: from darkness to light. It has been suggested that these stories recall the spread of the feathered-serpent cult in the epi-classic and early post-classic periods.[12]. The Church of Latter Day Saints, better known as the Mormons, teaches that Jesus Christ walked the Earth after his resurrection, spreading the word of Christianity to all corners of the globe. In the era following the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, a number of records conflated Quetzalcoatl with Ce Acatl Topiltzin, a ruler of the mythico-historic city of Tollan. Ultimately, Quetzalcoatl was forced into exile. Having been in awe of the sun and its light, the snake decided to fly toward the sun. A 2012 exhibition at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Dallas Museum of Art, "The Children of the Plumed Serpent: the Legacy of Quetzalcoatl in Ancient Mexico", demonstrated the existence of a powerful confederacy of Eastern Nahuas, Mixtecs and Zapotecs, along with the peoples they dominated throughout southern Mexico between 1200 and 1600 (Pohl, Fields, and Lyall 2012, Harvey 2012, Pohl 2003). He was a god of wind, culture, knowledge, and creation. Quetzalcoatl, or "Feathered Serpent," was an important god to the ancient people of Mesoamerica. He was quite a bit bigger than he was before. Over time, Quetzalcoatl's appearance, clothing, malevolent nature, and status among the gods were reshaped to fit a more Christian framework. This is evident in the iconography recovered from these sites. My name is Mike and for as long as I can remember (too long!) Evidence of such worship comes from the iconography of different Mesoamerican cultures, in which serpent motifs occur frequently. Because, if they did include human sacrifice, basically a part of Quetzalcoatl himself would be killed in order to honor him. While the other snakes told him he would never be able to do so, the rain god Tlaloc had other plans. There is no question that the legend of Quetzalcoatl played a significant role in the colonial period. According to this myth, the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, one of them being Quetzalcoatl, represent the four cardinal directions. Different cultures associated him with priesthood and kingship, further complicating his mythology in later retellings. Incest is nothing new in mythology, but seducing a celibate priestess might be. Aztec God Quetzalcoatl According to Aztec mythology, Earth had been through four cycles of Sun, each of which resulted in the destruction of mankind. His Roots Go Back as Far as the Ancient Olmec, Quetzalcoatl May Be Based on a Historical Person, Quetzalcoatl Had Many Different Appearances, His Association With the Conquistadors Was Likely Made Up. Quetzalcoatl's opposite was Tezcatlipoca, who supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into exile. The worship of Quetzalcoatl sometimes included animal sacrifices, and in other traditions Quetzalcoatl was said to oppose human sacrifice.Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons. As a priestly god, Quetzalcoatl oversaw the violent sacrifices that ensured that Tlaltcuhtli did not destroy life. Human worship. If this speech was actually given, its likely that ignorance of Aztec customs and Nahuatl speech patterns was to blame for giving the impression that Montezuma was willingly handing over power to a divine being. Although early images had shown a serpent, by the classical period of Aztec culture Quetzalcoatl was more often shown with a human body. According to another mythological account, he was conceived by the virgin Chimalman after she swallowed an emerald. 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The Nahua largely spoke dialects of the same language, Nahuatl, which helped to unify their culture. In Mesoamerican history, many different ethnopolitical groups worshiped a feathered-serpent deity. After a slapstick-style chase scene, Xavier winds up as the Sun God and commits "sacricide" (sacrificial suicide), ending the skit. [41] However, in 1892 one president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, John Taylor, wrote:[42]. Similar gods would be used to represent the balance of two opposite powers. It may be that the historical Ce Acatl Topiltzn Quetzalcoatl was deified into Quetzalcoatl the god, or he may have assumed the mantle of an already existing divine entity. Quetzalcoatl has been worshiped by all the major Mesoamerican cultures including the Mayans and the Aztecs. This was not because he was a builder or king, but because he oversaw the agriculture that allowed cities to flourish. Hernan Cortes, who led the Spaniards, was first invited into the city by Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II. As an Aztec deity, he was one of four sons of the creator god Ometeotl, associated with the wind god, and the patron god of arts and knowledge. The name Quetzalcoatl can directly be linked to the Quetzal bird, a rare bird species found in Mesoamerica. In fact, the then-current king himself, Moteuhzoma II, prophesied the return of Quetzalcoatl as a white-bearded person even if it would mean that hed have to give up his place on the throne. The gods powers extended beyond the wind, however. Quetzalcoatls quarrels with his brother Tezcatlipoca sometimes brought about these destructions of the world. [43] In a 1986 paper for Sunstone, he noted that during the Spanish Conquest, the Native Americans and the Catholic priests who sympathized with them felt pressure to link Native American beliefs with Christianity, thus making the Native Americans seem more human and less savage. The Toltec people, who the Aztecs considered to be their ancestors, used Quetzalcoatl as a title for military and political rulers. Or, more appropriately, Abya Yala.Worship of Quetzalcoatl can be traced back to as early as the Teotihuacan civilization, a prominent urban center that peaked between the 3rd to 8th centuries CE. Two other gods represented by the planet Venus are Tlaloc (ally and the god of rain) and Xolotl (psychopomp and its twin). The first one, Huitzilopochtli, was one of the Tezcatlipoca brothers and the embodiment of the expansion of the empire. Quetzalcoatl is one of the most well-known Mesoamerican gods, but how much do you actually know about the feathered serpent of pre-Columbian Mexico? He headed east, eventually settling in Chichen Itza. Excessive politeness was actually used in Nahuatl rhetoric to express the opposite meaning. The first documented worship of Quetzalcoatl is found in Theotihuacan during the first century BC or first century AD.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-box-4','ezslot_7',140,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-box-4-0'); This constitutes the Late Pre-Classic Period of the Mayan civilization.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_9',111,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); By the Late Classic Period (600AD-900AD), it appears that the worship of Quetzalcoatl had spread throughout the Mesoamerican region. He was worshiped among all the major cultures of the Mesoamerican region through history. In Tenochtitlan, Quezelcoatls name was used as a priestly title. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. The Toltecs and Nahuas worshiped the god before he was eventually adopted by the Aztecs. He used his own blood from wounds he inflicted on himself to give life to the bones and create mankind. Mason-Dixon Line Well, in Aztec culture, the bird and the serpent have the religious and symbolic meanings of heaven and earth, respectively. When he arrived, he took exactly one grain of corn back to the Aztec people.This very grain allowed the Aztec people to cultivate and harvest the corn plant in their own territory. Some legends describe him as opposed to human sacrifice[26] while others describe him practicing it.[27][28]. Quetzalcoatl is the creator of all people and the giver of wisdom, corn, and the calendar. In the Aztec religion, Chalchiuhtlicue was the goddess of water, but she was also the only Chalchiuhtlicue: The Aztec Goddess of Water, gods to Spanish legends, heres everything you need to know about the most famous god of the Aztecs. Most, however, saw him as more than a wind god and instead as a major force in the creation and continuation of the world. Instead, these stories were probably the invention of Franciscan monks who followed the initial conquest of Mexico. Quetzalcoatl is but one of the Aztec gods and goddesses that has animal-like characteristics. [citation needed], In the Codex Chimalpopoca, it is said Quetzalcoatl was coerced by Tezcatlipoca into becoming drunk on pulque, cavorting with his older sister, Quetzalpetlatl, a celibate priestess, and neglecting their religious duties. In these instances, he is often seen wearing a lot of jewelry and some form of a hat. Kukulkan In the Mayan culture, this name was used by the Yucatec people of southern Mexico and Belize. Alternatively, he left willingly on a raft of snakes, promising to return. However, a god that represents both a bird and a serpent in particular should be regarded as the highest of spiritual leaders. Hernn Corts, perhaps the most notorious colonizer, is often identified as this very reincarnation of Quetzalcoatl. In the episode "Damnesia You," Xavier winds up in the Aztec world and is immediately (and unsuccessfully) sacrificed for insulting the Sun God, and during the sacrifice the Aztecs humorously fail to pronounce his name. [22], To the Aztecs, Quetzalcoatl was, as his name indicates, a feathered serpent. Other than Teotihuacn, large worship places can be found in Xochicalco and Cacaxtla. But, remember, the promise of Quetzalcoatl was to bring heaven to the beings that were living in hell. Corts himself claimed in a letter that the gullibility of the Aztec people helped him to conquer them. There was one way that would certainly work, namely by letting it rain so abundantly that the snake simply drifted out of the cave. While not usually feathered, classic Maya serpent iconography seems[original research?] Quetzalcoatls twin, Xolotl, was a god associated with death. The first keeper of written records, he was patron of the Calmecac, a school for noble children who learned to paint histories and astrology, as well as practice the art of war. The meaning of his name is "Winged Serpent" or "Feathered Serpent". This confederacy engaged in almost seventy-five years of nearly continuous conflict with the Aztec Empire of the Triple Alliance until the arrival of Corts. How old is the United States of America? And when the wind rose, when the dust rumbled, and it crack and there was a great din, became it became dark and the wind blew in many directions, and it thundered; then it was said: [Quetzalcoatl] is wrathful., -Bernadino de Sahagn, Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain. Cholula had been captured by pro-Aztec forces. Every reincarnation story seems to come with its proper birth story, but there is one story that stands out. One legend claimed that the star was Quetzalcoatls heart, placed in the sky after he burned himself alive out of shame for neglecting his duties. Quetzalcoatl played many roles in ancient Aztec mythology, so its difficult to pin down just one. Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons. What did Quetzalcoatl teach? Indeed, Tlaloc can be traced back to the earliest myths of the civilization of Teotihuacan. Although probably not exactly a depiction of the same feathered-serpent deity worshipped in classic and post-classic periods, it shows the continuity of symbolism of feathered snakes in Mesoamerica from the formative period and on, for example in comparison to the Maya Vision Serpent shown below. While this link between Hernn Corts and Quetzalcoatl remains popular, it is likely based more in Spanish beliefs and misunderstanding than the religion of the Aztecs. Quetzalcoatl is closely associated with the myth of the four cardinal directions. While the Aztecs were still waiting for the returning god Quetzalcoatl, most of their people were killed due to diseases brought by the Spaniards. In a version of the myth, Quetzalcoatl was born by a virgin named Chimalman, to whom the god Ometeotl appeared in a dream. (Restall 2001 p. 114)[full citation needed]. Quetzalcoatl stole the bones from the Underworld, taking great risks and evading many traps to bring them to the surface. His most prominent manifestation in art, however, is literally that of a serpent with a feathered head.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_3',139,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-medrectangle-4-0'); There is also rich iconography, sculpture, and mythology associated with Quetzalcoatl among all the major cultures of Mesoamerica not just in history but also in the modern world.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-banner-1','ezslot_4',110,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-banner-1-0'); Quetzalcoatl has been worshiped by all the major Mesoamerican cultures including the Mayans and the Aztecs. Quetzalcoatl, or "Feathered Serpent," was an important god to the ancient people of Mesoamerica. This made crops grow and brought water for drinking. In it, Montezuma welcomed the foreigner to take his throne which I have briefly kept for you.. Are you still looking for a being that caused a solar eclipse? As Quetzalcoatl Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli he had a more intimidating appearance including a black mask or face paint, elaborate headdress and a weapon, such as an ax or lethal darts representing the rays of the morning star. In another, they worked together to tear apart a monster called Tlaltcuhtli and create the land and its features from her body. In the iconography of the classic period, Maya serpent imagery is also prevalent: a snake often appears as the embodiment of the sky itself, and a vision serpent is a shamanic helper presenting Maya kings with visions of the underworld. These, then, are the people that still inhabit the world. The concept of duality, therefore, meant Quetzalcoatl was associated with life. The story of how the ordinary Quetzalcoatl became one of the heavenly brothers goes as followed. The earliest depictions of the feathered serpent deity were fully zoomorphic, depicting the serpent as an actual snake, but already among the Classic Maya, images of the deity began acquiring human features, such as the beard (see the Borgia codex illustration above) that he was sometimes depicted with. I am the owner and chief researcher at this site. Members of this confederacy from Tlaxcala, Puebla, and Oaxaca provided the Spaniards with the army that first reclaimed the city of Cholula from its pro-Aztec ruling faction, and ultimately defeated the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City). Table of Contents [ hide] Etymology and Archaeology [15] In the 17th century, Ixtlilxchitl, a descendant of Aztec royalty and historian of the Nahua people, wrote, "Quetzalcoatl, in its literal sense, means 'serpent of precious feathers' but in the allegorical sense, 'wisest of men'."[16]. His job was to protect the sun from the dangers of the underworld. In the Codex's description of the first meeting between Moctezuma and Corts, the Aztec ruler is described as giving a prepared speech in classical oratorial Nahuatl, a speech which, as described in the codex written by the Franciscan Bernardino de Sahagn and his Tlatelolcan informants, included such prostrate declarations of divine or near-divine admiration as: You have graciously come on earth, you have graciously approached your water, your high place of Mexico, you have come down to your mat, your throne, which I have briefly kept for you, I who used to keep it for you. When Cortes and his crew of Spaniards came ashore in Mexico in 1519, many thought they were gods. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. This, too, meant the end of the god Quetzalcoatl. As a wind god, he was also responsible for making the rain fall. 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